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Annotated Bibliography
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Myers, Judith H., et al. “Eradication Revisited: Dealing with Exotic Species.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15 (2000): 316-320. Science Direct. L.A. Beeghly Library. Huntingdon, PA. 10 Sept. 2002 http://sciencedirect.oclc.org.
This article from the journal of Trends in Ecology and Evolution suggests that the best possible solution to the introduction of exotic species is prevention. If prevention fails then eradication is offered as another potentially feasible solution. It discusses whether to attempt eradication is not simple and alternative approaches might be preferable in some situations, because of ecological side effects.

Naylor, Roz L, Susan L Williams, and DR Strong. “Aquaculture--A Gateway for Exotic Species.” Science 23 Nov. 2001: 1655-6. Science Direct. L.A. Beeghly Library. Huntingdon, PA. 10 Sept. 2002 <http://sciencedirect.oclc.org>.

The article discusses how the farming of different types of fish has led to almost all aquatic introductions of unwanted species. It also discusses new regulations and ways to prevent biological contamination. Roz Naylor is currently teaching in the science department at Stanford University. Susan Williams has her PhD and is the Professor of Environmental Science & Policy Director, Bodega Marine Laboratory
"Non-Indigenous Aquatic Plant Distribution Information". United States Geological Survey/Non-Native Aquatic Species. 14 Sept. 2002 <http://canal.er.usgs.gov/plants/>.
This site provides nationwide distribution maps of aquatic plants and provides information on each. A drainage map is also included to help track the movement of these aquatic species. The web page gives some general information about aquatic plants as well as outlining specific species such as the Hydrillia and Water Milfoil. This website is easily understandable for students ranging from middle school to high school.
"Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS).” United States Geological Survey. 10 Sept. 2002 <http://nas.er.usgs.gov/>.
The United States Geological Survey Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) resource page provides links to news, significant news reports on nonindigenous aquatic species as well as maps. In addition, this websites allows queries to be issued to the NAS database, National Invasive Species Council and National Invasive Species Management Plan. This website also includes online publications and lists of invasive species by group. This website is sponsored by the United States Geological Survey. The United States Geological Survey has a nonindigenous aquatic species index that provides information on nonindigenous aquatic species. The information on this site is suitable for biologists and the general public.
Orueta, Jorge Fernandez and Yolanda Aranda Ramos. Methods to Control and Eradicate Non-Native Terrestrial Vertebrate Species. Spain: Council of Europe Publishing, 2001.
The text of this book discusses general methods of control and eradication of invasive vertebrates internationally. The information presented in the book applies to all countries and is most useful to those with a scientific background. This book simply provides and exhibits the fact that invasive species are a global problem.
Palumbi, Stephen R. “Humans as the World’s Greatest Evolutionary Force.” Science. 7 Sept. 2001: 1786-1790. Science Direct. L.A. Beeghly Library. Huntingdon, PA. 10 Sept. 2002 http://sciencedirect.oclc.org.
This article discusses how human population growth accelerates evolutionary change of other organisms and the financial costs of this growth. The article includes technical genetic vocabulary and is recommended for college students and above. Mr. Palumbi received his PhD from the University of Washington in Marine Biology and is currently a professor at Stanford.
Patent, Dorothy Hinshaw. Biodiversity. New York: Clarion Books, 1996.
Biodiversity provides information on biodiversity and contains excellent photographs and short informative chapters on issues relating to biodiversity. It is appropriate for middle school students and higher. This book, at a middle school level, provides information on biodiversity by short chapters on a variety of subjects with illustrations and pictures.
Peck, Sheila. Planning for Biodiversity: Issues and Examples. Washington D. C.: Island Press, 1998.
This book provides an upper level view of how to conserve biodiversity. Planning for Biodiversity: Issues and Examples can be assessed as a useful text for beginning students in urban and regional planning or for planning practitioners in mid-scale planning. It introduces them to a number of basic concepts, and provides a framework for thinking about their own practice.
“Pest Alert: Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabpripennis): A New Introduction.” Sept. 2002 United States Department of Agriculture. 24 Sept. 2002 <http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/albpestalert/index.htm>.
This is a website produced by the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service under the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service division. It contains very good pictures showing the signs of an Asian Longhorned Beetle infestation. However, this site does not contain very much historical information on the actual beetle, but there is a good description of it and its life. There is a small amount of information on possible ways of controlling this pest. Links to other sources of information on this invasive specie is found on this page, as well as information on who to contact if you think you have found an Asian Longhorned Beetle. The function of this website is mainly to provide information on identifying an Asian Longhorned Beetle infestation. The website is appropriate for anyone of middle school age or older.
Petrides, George A. Peterson Field Guides, Trees and Shrubs. 2nd ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972.
Trees and Shrubs provides plant identification information for the northeastern and north-central. United States and the southeastern and south-central Canada. The book is broken into different sections based on the leaves. There are also illustrations of the plants and a glossary of some of the plant terms. This book is appropriate for high school level and older.
Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Invasivespecies.gov. 10 Sept. 2002 <http://www.invasivespecies.gov/profiles/sealamprey.shtml>.
This page provides specific information on the Sea lamprey. The information includes a species profile of the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), which includes pictures, distribution map, and reasons why they are a problem. The information is provided by links and some of the links are sponsored by other organizations such as the United States Geological Survey. The invasivespecies.gov website was developed and maintained for the National Agricultural Library for the National Invasive Species Council. This website provides a lot of information and is appropriate for high school students and older.
Poerstel, Stephanie. “Exotic Species: The Atlantic Sea Lamprey.” Millersville University 18 Sept. 2002 <http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/poerstel.html>.
This is an online version of a paper written by a student at Millersville University. This is a page with great background information on the Sea Lamprey as well as a good overview of an introduced exotic species. The information provided in this online paper is well explained and detailed. Therefore, this paper is appropriate for high school aged and higher.
Poss, Stuart. “Corbicula fluminae.” Non-Indigenous Species in the Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem. 6 Oct. 1999 U of Southern Mississippi. 18 Sept. 2002 <http://www.gsmfc.org/nis/nis/Corbicula_fluminea.html>.
This is an excellent page on several species, specifically the Asian Clam. However it does contain information on several other introduced species. This page has a picture of the organism accompanied by information on the following: distinguishing features, biology, size, distribution, and potential impacts. This information is provided by the University of Southern Mississippi. The information presented on this website is directed towards people with some background in environmental terminology. Thus the website will be most useful to people with a background in the field of invasives invasions.
"Purple Loosestrife Vegetation Management Guideline".Conservation Commission of Missouri. 29 Sept. 2002 <http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathis/exotic/vegman/twenty.htm>
This is a plain yet informative site. It provides concise detailed information of key aspects of the plant. This site would be a good supplemental information page for the field guide. This site is sponsored by the Conservation Commission of Missouri a subdivision of the Missouri Dept. of Conservation
“Recommendations for the Management of Natural Genetic Diversity on Pennsylvania State Forest Lands.” The Pennsylvania Biological Survey (PABS). Nov. 1999. The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 8 Sept. 2002 <http://www.dcnr.state.pa.is/pabs/genetic_resources.htm>.
This article discusses how nativeness is defined in State Forest Land (SFL). It also discusses why it is important to have native plants and the benefits they provide. In addition, there are also recommendations for the use of native and non-native species in the SFL.
Richcigl, Jack E. and Nancy A. Richcigl. Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection. Washington D.C. : Lewis Publishers, 2000.
The book, Insect Pest Management, presents different strategies for managing pest problems. It serves as a very useful source for professionals in the fields of entomology, agronomy and ecology as well as people just wanting to know how to control pest problems. It also provides methods of control which are usable for the average person. The book is on the level of people high school and above.
Round Goby.” Alpena FRO-Round Goby. Oct. 1999. US Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3. 10. Sept. 2002 <http://midwest.fws.gov/alpena/goby.htm>.
The Round Goby website discusses the exotic invasive species, the Round Goby. It has pictures of this species, information on how it was introduced, how to identify the Round Goby, how to prevent the spread of the Round Goby, and one online scientific publication on the Round Goby. This website is sponsored by Fish and Wildlife Service Great Lakes- Big Rivers Region 3. It provides information, which is reasonable for high school and above.

“Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus.” 26 Aug. 2002 Sea Grant 12 Sept. 2002 <http://www.sgnis.org/www/goby.htm>.

“Round Goby” Neogobius melanostomus site includes pictures and a link to a distribution map of the Round Goby. This information would be beneficial to people wanting specific information on the Round Goby and could be easily understood by high school level and above. 
“Ruffe: A New Threat to Fisheries.” Michigan Sea Grant Publication. 10 Sept. 2002 <http://www.miseagrant.org/pubs/on/msg-96-501.html>.
This site has a description of the Ruffe, its effects on other species, information on the spread of the Ruffe, identification information, and what you can do to stop its spread. It is an excellent page for learning about this exotic species. This website would be appropriate for high school aged students and older. The site also provides additional contacts for further information.
“Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus).” Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS). United States Geological Survey. 24 Nov. 1999. 10 Sept. 2002 <http://nas.er.usgs.gov/fishes/accounts/percidae/gy_cernu.html>.
This page contains information on the Ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus. It has a map with the Ruffe’s native range and current ranges, nonindigenous occurrences, means of introductions, status, links to scientific reports, and impact. This page also includes excellent pictures. This website is sponsored by the United States Geological Survey. The United States Geological Survey has a nonindigenous aquatic species index that provides information on nonindigenous aquatic species. The information on this site is suitable for a range from biologists and the general public.
“Ruffe in Great Lakes Region.” 12 Aug.2002. Great Lakes Information Network. 10 Sept. 2002 <http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/ruffe.html>.
This website pertains to Ruffe in the Great Lakes Region. It has a short summary of information on the Ruffe, which does not include information on its effects and actions as an introduced species. However, it does include an excellent picture of the Ruffe. Ruffe in Great Lakes Region is a page put together by the Great Lakes Information Network. The Great Lakes Information Network provides a multitude of information about the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence area. This website also provides information on the economy, tourism and education of the area. This webstie is valuable because it provides information about invasive species and general information about the Great Lakes Region. This website is appropriate for middle school students and up.
Rusty Crayfish in Great Lakes Region. 12 Aug. 2002. Great Lakes Information Network. 10 Sept. 2002 <http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/rusty.html>.
The Rusty Crayfish in Great Lakes page has a general overview of information, including one picture of the perch itself. This site is also sponsored by the Great Lakes Information Network. Therefore, this website will provide information pertaining to the economy, education and tourism of the Great Lakes region. This website is valuable because it provides information about the Great Lakes region. This website is appropriate for middle school students and above.
Sandlund, Odd Terje, Peter Johan Schei, and Aslaug Viken. Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
This book recognizes the impending problems approaching the U.S. as well as the world because of invasive species. This book is essential in upper-level understanding of the increasingly declining problem of invasive invasion.
“Sea Grant, Pennsylvania Fact Sheet on the Round Goby.” Pennsylvania Sea Grant. 10 Sept. 2002. <http://www.pserie.psu.edu/seagrant/communication/fact/fs11.html>.
This page provides a fact sheet on the Round Goby. The website includes a map of confirmed sightings, identification information, diagrams of the Round Goby, a list of impacts from the Round Goby and what you can do to stop the spread of this organism. The information provided on this website is through the research from the Pennsylvania Sea Grant. This program is administered through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The purpose of the Pennsylvania Sea Grant is to increase public awareness of costal issues. The goals of the Pennsylvania Sea Grant are to educate the public in both the economics and environmental aspects of costal issues.
Sea Lamprey. 2002. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Sept. 2002 <http://www.fisheries.vims.edu/lamprey.htm>
The information on this website was provided by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. It includes information that can be used to learn about identification, habitat, and natural history. It also includes several good pictures of the Sea Lamprey. Although the information is from Virginia, it applies to all Sea Lamprey of the same species in Pennsylvania. The website is appropriate for high school students and above.
“Sea Lamprey - A Great Lakes Invader.” Jan. 30, 2001. United States Geological Survey. Sept. 2002 <http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/information/factsheets/sea%5Flamprey00/sea%5Flamprey00.htm>
The information on this website is posted and maintained be the USGS. This page is a fact sheet on the Sea Lamprey, and includes information on the natural history, behavior of, and effects of the Sea Lamprey in the Great Lakes. This page has several good quality pictures of the Sea Lamprey. This website is readable for the high school level and above.
Sea Lamprey In-Depth. United States Geological Survey. 25 Nov 2002. <http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/newinfo/lampreyindepth.htm>.
This website provided by the USGS is a upper level look at the life cycle, effects of the introduction, and the control measures for the sea lamprey in the Great Lakes region. There are two pictures provided. One of these pictures is of the Sea Lamprey spawning and the other picture is of the open circular mouth the Lamprey uses for feeding and attaching to its prey.
Settle, Chad, Thomas D. Crocker and Jason Shogren. “On the Joint Determination of Biological and Economic Systems.” Ecological Economics 42 (2002): 301-311.
This article explores the formulation of a model that could explain the details of an economic system and the links to an ecosystem. It focuses on exotic invaders that put native species at risk in Yellowstone National Park.
Shackleford, Ian, Eunice Padley, and Jan Schultz. “Listed Noxious Weeds and Invasive Non-Native Plants - Eastern Region.” Noxious Weeds and Invasive Non-Native Plants. 30 March 1998. USDA Forest Service. 10 Sept. 2002 <http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/weed/>.
This site includes information on federal noxious weeds and descriptions of federal noxious weeds. The information is provided by region or state. In the regional listing plants are listed by their degree of invasiveness. This website is an excellent place to start when looking for information on invasive species. It provides enough information to start research, but not enough to only use this site. Therefore, this website is appropriate for middle school students and higher. The authors of this website are Ian Shackelford, a volunteer botanist, Eunice Padley, an ecologist, and Jan Schultz, a plant ecologist for the Hiawatha National Forest. This website is sponsored by Forest Service through The United States Department of Agriculture. 
Simberloff, Daniel. “Eradication of Island Invasives: Practical Actions and Results Achieved.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16 (2001): 273-274. Science Direct. L.A. Beeghly Library. Huntingdon, PA. 10 Sept. 2002 http://sciencedirect.oclc.org.
This article outlines the first international conference on eradication of all types of introduced species. It covers exactly how hard plant eradication can be as well as the eradication of mammals. Finally, it adds attention to unexpected results from uncontrolled experiments and warrants the danger of it.
Skinner, Dr. Kerri, Dr. Lincoln Smith and Peter Rice. “Noxious Weeds in the US and Canada” Invaders Database System. 12 May 2000. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 10 Sept. 2002 <http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/Noxious_Weeds/>.
This site provides information that is organized by state, plant name or by using a map. Once you select a plant this website provides you with a summary and distribution map of the selected species. This website is beneficial because the searching process is relatively straightforward. Therefore, this site could be used by middle school students and older. This website is sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service. The authors are as follows: Dr. Kerri Skinner, University of Nebraska, Dr. Lincoln Smith, United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service in the Western Region Research Center, and Peter Rice from the University of Montana.
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